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Jak dzia³a Turbina?

Turbosprê¿arka (turbo) jest urz±dzeniem, które pozwala sprê¿aæ powietrze dostarczane do cylindrów w silniku. Im bardziej powietrze jest sprê¿one, tym wiêcej mieszanki paliwowo-powietrznej mo¿e ulec spaleniu co bezpo¶rednio przenosi siê na zwiêkszenie mocy silnika.

Turbosprê¿arka, jak sama nazwa wskazuje, sk³ada siê z dwóch czê¶ci: turbiny i sprê¿arki. W pierwszej - znajduje siê ona na kolektorze wydechowym - przep³ywaj±ce spaliny obracaj± wirnik. Jego obroty za po¶rednictwem o¶ki przekazywane s± do drugiej czê¶ci czyli sprê¿arki. Sprê¿arka umiejscowiona jest na kolektorze dolotowym i jej zadaniem jest wciskanie powietrza do silnika.

Ze wzglêdu na fakt, ¿e wirnik op³ywaj± gor±ce spaliny, a sprê¿arkê zimne powietrze, ten pierwszy wraz z obudow± nazywany jest stron± gor±c±, a sprê¿arka wraz z obudow± - stron± zimn±.

Omawiaj±c podstawy dzia³ania turbosprê¿arki nie sposób nie wspomnieæ o intercoolerze. Intercooler jest urz±dzeniem, która ma za zadanie ch³odziæ powietrze ¶ciskane przez sprê¿arkê zanim wleci ono do silnika. Wynika to z faktu, i¿ sprê¿anie powietrza powoduje wzrost jego temperatury - to w³a¶nie dlatego gdy pompujemy dêtkê w rowerze czujemy jak pompka siê nagrzewa. Wzrost temperatury powietrza powoduje jego rozrzedzenie, a to z kolei oznacza, ¿e do silnika dostaje siê mniej tlenu. A jak wiadomo, ma³o tlenu - ma³o mocy.

W rajdowych autach tunerzy staraj± siê jak najbardziej zwiêkszaæ ci¶nienie do³adowania, bo jest to równoznaczne ze wzrostem mocy. Istniej± jednak ograniczenia - najwa¿niejszym jest niezawodno¶æ jednostki napêdowej. Powy¿ej pewnej granicy istnieje du¿e ryzyko, ¿e co¶ ulegnie uszkodzeniu, szczególnie w autach N-grupowych, gdzie wnêtrze silnika jest seryjne. Przy du¿ym szczê¶ciu mo¿e siê skoñczyæ na zsuniêtym wê¿u od intercoolera - gumowe przewody i trzymaj±ce je opaski mog± nie wytrzymaæ ci¶nienia i zsun±æ siê. Wtedy ca³e sprê¿one powietrze ucieka poza uk³ad - do atmosfery. To najmniej kosztowna awaria. Uszkodzenia t³oków, panewek czy korbowodów to ju¿ du¿o wiêkszy wydatek. Awarii mo¿e ulec te¿ sama turbina.

Z drugiej strony pokusa, ¿eby zwiêkszyæ do³adowanie jest ogromna. Ka¿de 0,1 atmosfery wiêcej, to kilka dodatkowych koni mechanicznych. Sztuka polega na kompromisie miêdzy moc± a niezawodno¶ci±. Warto¶æ maksymalnego ci¶nienia ustawia siê podczas strojenia silnika. Zale¿y ona g³ownie od elektroniki i ustawienia zaworu upustowego.

W seryjnych Lancerach i Imprezach po zdjêciu nogi z gazu (np. podczas zmiany biegu) sprê¿arka nie jest napêdzana i zamiast du¿ego ci¶nienia, w uk³adzie dolotowym powstaje podci¶nienie i po ponownym naci¶niêcie gazu sprê¿arka dzia³a z opó¼nieniem. W sporcie jest to zjawisko niepo¿±dane i dlatego w rajdowych autach stosuje siê system podtrzymania pracy turbiny, z angielskiego ALS (Anti Lag System).

To specjalny program w komputerze steruj±cym prac± silnika, który powoduje, ¿e po odjêciu gazu moment zap³onu przesuwany jest w taki sposób, by nastêpowa³ przy otwartych zaworach wylotowych. Dziêki temu zwiêkszana jest energia spalin i turbina nadal sie krêci. Na zewn±trz auta widoczne jest to w postaci ognia wydobywaj±cego siê z rury wydechowej i towarzysz±cych temu wystrza³ów.

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